@article {,
	title = {Trauma in the Preceramic Coastal Populations of Northern Chile: Violence or occupational hazards},
	journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {239-249},
	abstract = {One hundred and forty-four Chinchorro skeletons, stored atthe Museo Arqueolo{\textasciiacute}gico San Miguel de Azapa in Arica, Chile, were examinedto test the following alternative hypotheses concerning skeletal trauma:either observed trauma was a consequence of interpersonal violence, or wasthe result of work-related accidents. Trauma found in subadults was rare,with 1.8\% (1/55) contrasted with 30\% (27/89) in the adult population. Thelocation of most adult trauma was the skull with 24.6\% (17/69), followed bythe upper extremities with 8.7\% (7/80), the trunk with 2.9\% (2/68), and thelower extremities with the least trauma at 1.1\% (1/89). Skull trauma correspondedto well-healed, semicircular fractures, with males being three timesmore affected than females at 34.2\% (13/38) and 12.9\% (4/31), respectively.Most fractures were nonlethal, appearing to have been caused by impactsfrom stones, suggesting interpersonal violence rather than accidents. Thisstudy indicates that the egalitarian, maritime, hunter-gatherer Chinchorroculture (circa 4000 years B.P.) may not have lived as peacefully as oncethought. Am J Phys Anthropol 112:239{\textendash}249, 2000.},
	keywords = {Chinchorro, coastal bioarchaeology, fractures, interpersonal violence, warfare},
	author = {Standen, Vivien G. and Arriaza, Bernardo T.}
}